Tag Archives: Energy

It’s Official: Venezuela beats Saudi Arabia In Proven Oil Reserves

Global Economy, On the cover, Sin categoría
OPEC20th July 2011
Venezuela’s proven oil reserves have soared over the year to a level that surpasses Saudi Arabia.

Venezuela’s proven reserves amounted to 296.5 billion barrels, ie a 40.4% increase over the previous year. Furthermore, it exceeds the reserves published by Saudi Arabia, which reached 264.5 billion barrels . These details were published in the Annual Statistical Bulletin prepared by OPEC for 2010-2011.

The problem with Venezuela is the quality of its oil and the industry itself. Venezuela’s oil is heavy and ultra heavy. Low quality and high cost. Additionally, the national oil company, PDVSA is a very inefficient, bureaucratic and slow company, and only if it eliminates these obstacles and returns to the be the efficient company it was twenty years ago will the country have a competitive and world-class oil industry.

This massive increase in oil reserves, 40%, which comes with a giant increase of 24% from Iran, does not come as a surprise to the companies present in the area. It’s not magic. It is because the OPEC Secretariat has introduced its own change in methodology to include extra-heavy oil in figures for Venezuela and Iran (some 800kbpd of production for Venezuela and up to 950kbpd for Iran).

These reserves were always there, but given that they were mostly heavy oil, very expensive to produce, it required a high oil price to declare those reserves as commercial. Once OPEC has established an oil price deck closer to the current level, these reserves are considered proven and commercial. In my calculation these oil fields requires an average minimum  $85-90/barrel price to generate 15% IRR.

This reserve upgrade doesn’t change the current dynamic of supply and demand in the oil market, but unquestionably could change the balance of power at OPEC. And not to a nicer side.
In the meantime, after a long controversy about the actual level of Venezuelan oil production, the International Energy Agency (IEA) revised up the country’s oil production by an average of 393 kbpd for the past four years, placing it at 2.5 mbpd. Nonetheless, the IEA estimates remain around 350k b/d below the official data. Part of the difference could be due to the inclusion of condensates production in the official data, which accounts for slightly more than 100k b/d, and other exports to non-OECD countries, such as Cuba (unaccounted subsidised barrels), that could be hard to verify.

opec production

The Venezuelan oil basket price for 2012 if we use $104/bbl increases Venezuelan oil exports by approximately $9.0bn, according to Barclays which takes the country’s current account balance estimate to $23.bn (7.6% of GDP). This week’s increase of reserves, and the subsequent larger piece of OPEC quota that Venezuela can collect, will significantly strengthen the country’s financial position.
In the next OPEC meeting the two hawkish countries, Venezuela and Iran will have a substantial higher power than Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Emirates have today. This is because quotas are set according to proven reserves, and Venezuela and Iran are supporters of a tighter quota policy and defenders of a stricter policy towards the West, pushing for higher oil prices, as the two countries need $80/bbl at least to balance their budgets.

2011060855Sin título-1 copiaVenezuela and Iran will likely look to achieve two goals in the next OPEC meeting: be able to produce more oil than Saudi Arabia while at the same time keep quotas unchanged at 24.7mbpd (real production now at c28mbpd). Basically take a larger part of a cake that will not grow. It is unclear if Saudi Arabia will agree to this. The Kingdom has already increased production by 800kbpd this year to a record 9.6mbpd. The Kingdom seems to be looking to attend the next OPEC meeting from a firmer standpoint regarding their production (they don’t want to be again the only ones to comply with quotas) and also seems to be looking to establish itself as the key balancing factor to an oil market that the IEA sees tighter into year-end. Meanwhile Iran has increased output despite the embargo, as we mentioned here. There is clearly a battle of opposing forces going on.

The problem, from the economy point of view, is that Venezuela, along with Iran represent the most aggressive stance towards the Western countries and try to force a higher price for crude. If they gain control of the OPEC decisions it will likely lead to further instability and volatility in the market.As I mentioned, Saudi Arabia increased its production in June over January by up to 800kbpd because they foresaw this reserve upgrade, and subsequent quota re-shuffling.

Things will only get more interesting as we approach the next OPEC meeting. We will see.

Further read:http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/iran-grows-output-despite-35-fall-in.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/china-slows-down-as-saudi-arabia.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/iea-releasing-strategic-reserves.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2010/10/increased-isolation-of-iran-versus.html

The Shale Oil Revolution In North America and Argentina. Who Wins?

Global Economy, On the cover, Sin categoría,
2011071315cuadro-3

14th July 2011

The oil market is nervous. As we have highlighted over this blog, Chinese demand remains the main concern. China’s oil imports fell to an eight-month low in June, 5.7% lower than the month before and down by 11.5% year on year.

The figures add to concerns that the Chinese government will slow growth with a sharp tightening of monetary policy, in response to consumer price inflation running at 6.4 per cent last month despite five interest rate rises since October.

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia has increased production to a record 9.6mbpd, an increase of 800kbpd from January, and Iraq reached record output of 2.75mbpd, almost back to pre-war levels.

As of June, IEA inventories remain above the 2006-2010 average.

However, I still receive doomsday messages about supply. And I say, don’t worry, supply is adequate.

Now the Shale Oil revolution is upon us.Remember what shale gas did to natural gas prices? Down 54% from the peak. Imagine what shale oil can do.Peak-Oil defenders, gas lobbies and environmental groups all said shale gas was not economical below $8/mmcfe, they said that it was a “bluff” and that the decline rates would make the “fad” disappear as soon as natural gas reached $6/mmcfe. It reached $2.5/mmcfe (now at $4.5) and the rig count is at all-time highs (890), companies continue to make good returns (18% IRR) despite pressure pumping and service costs rising, the environmental concerns are being addressed swiftly and adequately and decline rates have proven to be significantly less aggressive.

The NY Times battle against shale gas, driven by half-truths and questionable analysis, is lost. No one denies the massive resource base, even in Europe and China, and the opportunity to supply cheap, abundant energy.

Well, shale oil could generate a similar transformation impact for the oil market.

Last Thursday we met in London with twenty North American oil companies and a representative of the Energy Information Administration (EIA). We only talked about one issue: the revolution of Shale Oil, which could be a transformational force in the oil market.

The United States has over 24 billion barrels of recoverable oil in shale and Argentina over 200 million barrels of recoverable shale oil. Abundant oil supply delivered thanks to hydraulic fracking, a tried, tested and proven extraction technology. Companies like Anadarko, Oasis and Marathon are already developing shale oil fast. Repsol could benefit from this revolution in Argentina. First things first and let’s start with the U.S.

The oil sector is rubbing its hands at the prospect of a revolution which already generates 18-20% IRRs using a base price of $ 60/bbl.

Shale oil production in the United States has grown dramatically, from a modest 275,000 barrels/ day to an estimated 400,000 barrels/day in 2011 and up to 510,000 barrels/day in 2012. To give you an idea, this is the equivalent of Khursaniyah, one of the star oil fields of Saudi Arabia.

In a report published this week, the EIA estimates a level of productivity in the fields of North Dakota, Montana and Canada, together with Eagle Ford (Texas) that can make oil production reach very relevant levels in ten years, to the point where the US would halve its oil imports and its dependency on OPEC.

The figures are worth highlighting:

. With the improved hydraulic fracking techniques using recycled water and increased productivity, tight and shale oil is economically viable at $60/bbl. If we assume $100/bbl, each well repays its total investment cost in eight months. Three times faster than a conventional oil well.

. The oil industry alone will invest $25 billion in 2011 to drill 5,000 new wells. In 2012, the investment will reach $ 45 billion, giving employment to hundreds of thousands.

. Environmental concerns have already been addressed with the use of recycled water, isolation of aquifers and of drilling installations.

In Canada, there are several new plays popping onto investors’ radar screens, including the Mississippian Alberta Bakken/Exshaw shales in southern Alberta, Cretaceous Second White Specks in the Deep Basin, Jurassic Nordegg shales in the Peace River area of Alberta, and Devonian Muskwa/Duvernay shales in northwest Alberta/Deep Basin. On the more cautious side, Chesapeake quotes oil prices of between $30/bbl and $50/bbl being required to achieve 10% rates of return on different shale oil plays.

Who benefits from this revolution?

Anadarko , one of the best explorers in the world with the best track record of profitability in conventional and unconventional oil and gas, Oasis, small but very exposed to Shale Oil in Bakken, Marathon and Noble, two giants of exploration but more diversified, and the gas giants Chesapeake and EOG are all involved in very large acreage and moving fast in shale oil.

In Argentina, Repsol is prepared to follow the US-led revolution after announcing shale oil reserves of 150 million barrels recoverable. Of course, those reserves were already there and were known by the Repsol team at the time of the acquisition of YPF more than a decade ago, but what has changed is the development of hydraulic fracking techniques, horizontal drilling and the incredible expansion of the industry’s exploration and production of unconventional oil and gas, which has made ​​productivity soar and the average cost per well fall despite the fact that pressure pumping costs have risen by c30%.

Of course, in Argentina the problem is the price at which they can sell the oil and gas under schemes acceptable to the government, but if the country wants to revive the economy, attract capital and recover the disastrous situation of domestic production, it has no other option but to apply international prices. But let’s wait, as history reminds us that logic does not always prevail.

YPF, Argentina’s Repsol’s subsidiary, will drill 17 exploratory wells in 2011 with an investment of less than $ 200 million. Assuming a 12% royalty and 35% tax, the Argentine shale oil can generate returns of 35% (IRR) per well at $90/bbl assuming a 70% oil and 30% gas content, the latter sold at the “bargain-price” regulated by Argentina for domestic consumption (about $ 2.60/mmbtu compared with $4.50/mmbtu in the U.S. and up to $11 in Chile). Of course, if prices are adapted to the international average, returns would be much higher.

For now, the projections of production in Argentina are negligible and the political and regulatory environment is still uncertain. Repsol has sold 45% of YPF to institutional investors and the Argentine Petersen group, hoping that the participation of local investors can help improve the situation for their business in Argentina. Hopefully that will work.

For Repsol-YPF it will not be any problem to access enough water for extraction on a massive scale, as there is more than enough in the area of ​​Neuquen. The risk, of course, is the annoying habit of the Argentine government to seize profits when things work, so the presence of local investors can mitigate this interventionist “temptation”. We’ll see. But the other major unknown is how much will they have to invest to bring these reserves into production. A rough initial estimate of a development plan with 200 wells per year would mean an average of $2.8 billion annually (if the wells are multi-stage horizontal). And if Repsol invests aggressively in shale oil they might forget about questionable experiments in wind energy and marine algae, something that investors will appreciate.

Update:

Repsol announced on November 8th 2011 its “largest ever oil find”, with an estimated 927mb of recoverable resources (741mb of oil, the rest gas) in a 428 km2 exploration area in the Vaca Muerta shale formation on its Loma La Lata licences. In addition, it has started exploration on a further 502 km2 where it sees “similar potential” to the first area.
YPF has started exploring an additional 502km2 area, where its first well produced 400b/d of oil. Repsol believes that this new area has “similar potential” to the first area.

This oil would be sold at $60/bbl at the fixed price set by the government.

On February 8th 2012 Repsol’s subsidiary YPF announced 22.807bn boe of prospective resource, 1.525bn boe of contingent resource (1.213bn net to YPF) and 116Mboe of 3P reserves. The contingent resource lies in the 2 areas previously highlighted by YPF called Area 1 and Area 2. YPF highlight that Area 1 and 2 require 60 new drilling rigs and a $28bn investment (capex and opex) to develop. More would be needed for gas. The key remains whether there will be an adequate pricing/fiscal system to allow the investments. The update from YPF comes after government plans, as highlighted by Argentina’s Planning Minister Julio De Vido last Saturday, to force oil and gas companies to operate at full capacity even at a loss and follow new operating guidelines.

How can shale oil affect the price of oil? An aggressive increase in shale oil production, easily transportable and inexpensive, can impact the price of crude in a similar way to what ​​shale gas did to the price of Henry Hub natural gas. We have already seen the impact of “unconventional” oil in the price of WTI, which is trading at a $20 discount to Brent.

Shale oil could reduce dependence on changes in OPEC quotas and become the “cushion” to buffer the volatility of oil as the North Sea oil was a decade ago.

Shale oil is more than a promise. The pessimists will say, as they said with the shale gas in 2006 or Brazil’s pre-salt in 2005, that it’s all a lie, uneconomical, overstated and that the world is running out of oil. They are entitled to their opinion. Meanwhile Saudi Arabia has reached a record level of production of 9.6 million barrels/day, Iraq has surpassed 2.7 million barrels/day and Russia has surpassed 10.2 million barrels/day. And shale oil is upon us.

Further read:

http://www.eia.gov/oog/info/twip/twip.asp

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2010/11/shale-oil-600-years-of-supply.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/shale-gas-in-europe-poland-and-energy.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2010/01/revolution-of-shale-gas.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2010/10/has-cheap-gas-killed-renewable-star.html

http://www.cotizalia.com/lleno-energia/2011/petroleo-abundante-barato-revolucion-shale-20110714-5806.html

European Crisis, Falling Demand and Increasing Interventionism

Global Economy, On the cover, Sin categoría

EUROZONE/CONTAGION CJuly 8th, 2011

Today the 2 year greek bond reached 30% gross yield for the first time ever. Italy’s 10 year is now at 5.3%. Portugal 5 year CDS above 1000. The Euro debt crisis is in full swing. And apart from piles of leverage and out-of-control spending, the reckless subsidization and manipulation of power and gas markets has been partially to blame.

We are in July and the figures for energy demand are troubling, since they are a true reflection of the evolution of the economy and GDP.

The numbers are frightening, mainly because except Germany and some Nordic countries the rest of Europe languishes in spite of the optimistic expectations of “recovery” announced with great fanfare in 2008. It is even more worrying to note that the effect of stimulus plans, which accounted for more than 3.5% of EU GDP between 2007 and 2009, not only have been dissipated, but industrial activity has fallen to levels similar to those of 2008. So all the EU is left with is the debt generated by those stimulus plans, but no significant effect on GDP.

According to Societe Generale, the demand for natural gas in the countries surveyed (France, Portugal, Spain, UK and Italy) in May fell 11.8% over 2010.The cumulative year 2011 shows a drop of 9.7% year on year. The demand for natural gas in Spain in the first half, including June, has fallen 1.9% compared to 2010.

As for electricity demand, the countries surveyed in Europe (France, UK, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Denmark, Poland and Spain) show a decrease of -2.5% annual cumulative. Electricity demand in Spain in the first half remained relatively stable compared to 2010, but not growing.

2011070621IPI-2-DEFIn this environment, the EU launched its Energy Efficiency Directive, which, if approved, would force the electricity and gas sector to achieve savings in annual consumption equivalent to 1.5% of sales. This would result in an improvement in energy efficiency 20% by 2020. Another interventionist measure from our friends in Brussels.

The proposed directive contains very detailed and wide-ranging proposals but according to Eurelectric it’s easy to already identify some preliminary areas of concern and ambiguity:

. Administrative burden: The proposal adds further uncertainties in permitting and authorisation procedures, potentially deterring investments and resulting in additional costs to meet the EU’s energy-climate targets. One example is the ambition to pre-define a technology mix for electricity generation.

. Inconsistency with the third liberalisation package: Europe ha forgotten about liberalisation. Now it’s all about obligation and central planning, and the consumer will pay for it all (the cost could exceed €1 trillion including infrastructure). Many provisions (obligation on smart metering/billing or on energy storage) contradict the EU legislation currently under implementation.

. Subsidiarity in delivering energy savings: Market mechanisms are ignored in favour of Soviet-style planning, but also the conditions required to deliver energy savings vary between and even within member states, creating an obligation but also a difference in cost.

Screen-shot-2011-01-06-at-6.38.31-AM-e1294324806568

So on one side, systems are more inefficient, overcapacity remains, political intervention is forcing a pre-defined energy mix regardless of cost and feasibility, and at the same time demand is falling and industrial production remains weak.

And what is the problem? That if the GDP does not recover aggressively, the borrowing cost of economies grows, and given the voracity and debt demand of governments, industries get limited access to credit, just as we approach 2013, a year in which industrial groups have a higher concentration of debt maturities (2013-2014). And with more than €50 billion a year in subsidies in the European power systems, that the EU wants to triple, the cost of energy for industries and consumers will rise even with falling GDP, making countries less competitive.

If demand remains weak, overcapacity in the electricity and gas systems will not fall, just as Europe announces several incentives for investing in new capacity, from nuclear (in the UK, 10GW), wind (7GW pa) and solar (10GW pa), but also coal (Germany, lignite, 5GW planned). Investments that can be very valid in a process of displacement of other technologies, but the policy so far is to subsidize not only the “emerging” technologies but the “dying” ones too.

What is striking about the European Union that is so fond of  forced planning, intervention and patronizing the world on what to do is how it benefits on the industrial level from exporting to “polluting” countries like China or India and how it ignores the “externalization of pollution” that de-industrialization creates (as those same European industries move to other countries with less stringent environmental requirements). The pollution created by the thousands of tons of rare earths required for our high-tech and green lifestyle results in millions of tons of water polluted in China from the extraction process. The EU doesn’t care, but still patronises about CO2 and environmental policies.

Now the EU, in the middle of social revolts, austerity plans, budget cuts and a debt crisis, wants to increase its budget by 12%, three times the rate of inflation, after a 30% increase before. This also looks to increase the €126bn budget up to c€150bn in 2015.
The problem of the energy systems of the EU has not been liberalization, but intervention.

Interventionism means higher costs and mass subsidies, even to coal, for example (€1.5 billion in Spain only including direct subsidies and capacity payments), reaching the ironic situation of having countries where all the technologies are subsidized.

The liberalization of the electricity and gas markets between 1999 and 2004 brought the longest period of investments, improved infrastructure, service quality and better cost since the time of supply shortages of the seventies. It was then, as the EU ballooned in 2004, when governments decided to intervene, changing the laws in mid-game, subsidizing some technologies over others, restricting the free movement of capital, creating fictitious markets (like CO2) and generating capricious signals of demand and price through subsidies. And without risk, because either through tariffs or through taxes, planning errors have always been paid the consumer.

It is this devilish myriad of costs added to the final bills, and added to taxes, which in the EU are the highest in the OECD, what makes the final prices rise despite demand falls. The EU loaded the system with an infinity of small items, which always begin with the presumption of being “small”, but are slowly adding to the total bill. Capacity payments, restriction costs, ancillary services, subsidies…

The solution? Well, very simple. Market, market. If a coal-fired or gas plant must be reduced or disappear, so be it. If the price of electricity or the gas system that the EU has voted is expensive, the consumer should know clearly the cost of what is being promoted.

I am sure that if customers in Europe, suffering the austerity measures and cuts, knew that the cost of implementation of the so-called “low carbon economy” is conservatively €900bn, they would not be so happy.  

If we keep inefficient technologies based on subsidies and anti-economic measures forgetting the market, not only we will keep unnecessary overcapacity in the system, but the consumer will not see the advantages of the lower parts of the cycle.

Further read:

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/state-of-fear-german-nuclear-shutdown.html

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2011/06/co2-collapses-20-in-two-days.html#frameId=uWidget20a9e6e60130f5c6a6f0&height=130

http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2009/06/calling-bottom-on-power-prices-in.html

Is BP Really A Takeover Target For Exxon?

Global Economy, On the cover, Sin categoría
bpexxon
I find interesting that in the past weeks we have seen a few reports stating that BP could be taken over by Exxon.
Given that the idea seems to be taking hold at a couple of banks, I believe that in order to properly analyse that possibility, apart from brokers’ speculation, one would have to answer a few questions, critical to assess if a $400bn company would bid for a $139bn one at a premium (which inevitably would require masses of synergies and benefits, as it would have to be done with a capital increase). I would suggest an academic thought process that answered these:
A) Does Exxon want Amoco at a higher price after the history since 1998?. When BP merged with Amoco in 1998, the energy world was shocked. Shocked partly because Amoco was seen as a “less attractive” set of assets in the industry. Exxon’s current CEO, Rex Tillerson, was a top manager then and knew Amoco well. Since the $110bn merger of BP-Amoco in 1998, what we have seen out of the integration have been challenging returns, unfortunate incidents from Texas City, to Thunderhorse and Prudhoe Bay, culminating in Macondo. Considering that the liabilities and risk of gross negligence of Macondo are better understood but not fully clarified, would Exxon pay premium multiples for a replica of their core business and such a risk?.
B) Is BP much cheaper than other Big Oil stocks? It does not look massively cheaper than its peers, it is simply more of a conglomerate due to TNK. The entire sector has de-rated (see here), and BP only trades at a small discount to its peers (c5%), yet trades at a premium to mid-sized US integrateds. Exxon is much more expensive than BP on multiples, but that is a reflection of its industry leading ROCE position, lack of quoted divisions and centralized structure.Just on ROCE metrics, a very important one for the US giants, BP would be highly dilutive (Exxon’s ROCE stands at the top end of the industry range, at 23%, BP at 17.6% ex-Macondo costs).Meanwhile, BP is conducting a very logical and commendable “shrink to grow” strategy that will inevitably make the company focus in re-structuring. And selling legacy assets means also selling high return, fully depreciated assets, at good price admittedly, but puts pressure on delivering super-normal returns on growth projects like Rumaila (Iraq). And would any other supermajor want to conduct that same re-structuring?.
BP only really looks cheap against peers on PE and that may be a function of its corporate structure. On PE, BP trades at 6xPE 2012E versus 7.2x for Shell, but 6.4x ENI, for example, and 6.9x the sector. BP trades at 4x P/CF 2012E versus Shell at 4.5x and sector at 3.91x. BP offers a 4.35% yield 2012E vs. sector 5.21% (consensus estimates).
C) Would Exxon want to pay a premium for the Russian risk that TNK can provide (and TNK is c20% of BP’s reserves)?. The situation with the partners of TNK (AAR) would probably not be any better with a change of ownership, and some would argue it could get worse if the buyer was an American, as the Russian government might not approve of the deal.
D) Would Exxon pay up and do a corporate giant merger for more exposure to Thunderhorse, a bigger exposure to Angola, and new exposure to Libya?.
E) Does Exxon really want a giant refinery complex? c24% of BP’s assets are in refining and marketing. With 7mmbpd of ovecapacity in global refining, would Exxon pay a premium for those assets?. Exxon owns 37 refineries worldwide already.
F) The “resource” opportunity… is it so evident?. Those who sell BP as a takeover candidate mention 18bn boe of proven reserves and 45bn of unproven that could be very attractive priced. But the same giant resources can be seen to be very cheap at Exxon itself (24.8bn boe of proven reserves, adding c3bn only last year). But people fail to mention how much of that enormous BP resource base is Russia’s TNK (20%).
G) Does Exxon want more US downstream assets, with the risk that they can be targeted by any administration?. would anti-trust issues make the deal too costly, maybe not worth doing, because of the sheer scale of the divestments required (est $10bn)?.
H) What would BP do to Exxon’s growth profile? BP is expected to grow production by 2% pa to 2015, c1% pa less than Exxon. Dilution in growth could mean dilution in multiples for Exxon. BP produces 2.3mmbpd. Exxon produces 3% of the world’s output (3.9mboepd). Does Exxon need to buy more production in areas where they are already present?.

I) The “other businesses”. Almost 16% of BP’s invested capital is outside the traditional oil areas (exploation, production, refining and marketing). With businesses that range from travel to solar pv. BP is a global company with the largest exposure of any oil company to alternative energies, $10-15bn (valuation range) worth of renewable (solar, wind) investments as well as biofuels, and one of the leading shipping companies (BP shipping). Is Exxon interested in adding renewables and shipping to their portfolio?.

The debate is on. BP is an interesting company on its own. It is slowly recovering from two major strategic blows. But I fear that the time of multibillion mergers between integrateds ended a few years ago. The reason why XOM bought XTO was clear (see http://energyandmoney.blogspot.com/2010/01/revolution-of-shale-gas.html). This idea? Probably as plausible as the much trumpeted “Shell for BP” of 2005, or “Petrochina for BP” of 2009.
Disclaimer: This is an academic analysis, not a recommendation to buy or sell a security.